International ecotoxicity values for CCA and BTEX

Toxicity Values from the Literature for Soil Invertebrates

Compound	Test	Test species	Ecotox value	Reference
As (V)	14 day survival artificial soil	Eisenia andrei adults	LC₅₀ 472 ppm	Vaughan & Greenslade 1998
	28 day reproduction artificial soil	Folsomia candida adults	NOEC 10 ppm EC₅₀ 119 ppm	Vaughan & Greenslade 1998
	growth/ reproduction	E. fetida	cocoon production reduced by 56% at 68 ppm	Fischer & Koszorus 1992
Cr (VI)	60 day survival	Octochaetus pattoni	LC₅₀ 15 ppm LC₇₅ 2 ppm	Abbasi & Soni 1983
	61 day survival in field	Pheretima posthuma	LC₁₀₀ at 10 ppm	Abbasi & Soni 1981
	2 wk growth	Eisenia fetida	LOEC 625 ppm	Molnar et al. 1989
Cu	14 day survival (artificial soil)	E fetida	LC₅₀ 643 ppm	Neuhauser et al. 1985
	14 day survival (artificial soil)	E. fetida	LC₅₀ 683 ppm	Spurgeon et al. 1994
	14 day survival (peat soil : 43% OC)	Octolasium cyaneum	LC₅₀ 2500 ppm	Streit and Jaggy 1983
	14 day survival (Rendzina soil : 14% OC)	Octolasium cyaneum	LC₅₀ 850 ppm	Streit and Jaggy 1983
	14 day survival (Brown soil: 3.2% OC)	Octolasium cyaneum	LC₅₀ 180 ppm	Streit and Jaggy 1983
	14 day survival (artificial soil)	E. fetida	LC₅₀ 836 ppm	Spurgeon and Hopkin 1995
	8 wk survival (artificial soil)	E. fetida	LC₅₀ 555 ppm NOEC 210 ppm	Spurgeon et al. 1994
	8 wk survival	E. fetida	LC₅₀ 640 ppm	Khalil et al. 1996
	12 wk survival	Lumbricus rubellus	NOEC 150 ppm LOEC 1000 ppm	Ma 1982
	14 day growth	E. fetida	NOEC 32 ppm LOEC 100 ppm	van Gestel et al. 1991
	21 day growth (artificial soil)	E fetida	EC₅₀ 601 ppm	Spurgeon & Hopkin 1995
	6 wk growth	E. fetida	NOEC 1000 ppm LOEC 2000 ppm	Neuhauser et al. 1984
	6 wk growth (sandy soil: 5.7 % OC)	L. rubellus	NOEC 130 mg/kg LOEC 370 mg/kg	Ma 1984
	6 wk growth (loam soil: 5.5% OC)	L. rubellus	NOEC 370 mg/kg	Ma 1984
	21 day reproduction	E. fetida	NOEC 29 ppm	Surgeon and Hopkin 1995
	21 day reproduction (artificial soil)	Eisenia andrei	NOEC 120 ppm LOEC 180 ppm	van Gestel et al. 1989
	6 wk reproduction	E. fetida	NOEC 1000 ppm LOEC 2000 ppm	Neuhauser et al. 1984
	6 wk reproduction (sandy soil: 5.7% OC)	L. rubellus	NOEC 54 ppm LOEC 131 ppm	Ma 1984
	6 wk reproduction (loam soil: 5.5% OC)	L. rubellus	NOEC 13 ppm LOEC 63 ppm	Ma 1984
	8 wk reproduction	E. fetida	NOEC 300 ppm LOEC 500 ppm	Malecki et al. 1982
	8 wk reproduction	Aporrectodea caliginosa	EC₅₀ 186 ppm NOEC 50 ppm LOEC 100 ppm	Khalil et al. 1996
	8 wk reproduction (artificial soil)	E. fetida	EC₅₀ 53.3 ppm NOEC 32 ppm	Spurgeon et al. 1994
	20 wk reproduction	E. fetida	NOEC 500 ppm LOEC 1000 ppm	Malecki et al. 1982
	reproduction	L. rubellus	EC₅₀ 122 ppm	Streit & Jaggy 1983
	reproduction	A. caliginosa	EC₅₀ 68 ppm	Streit & Jaggy 1983
	reproduction	Allolobophora chlorotica	EC₅₀ 51 ppm	Streit & Jaggy 1983

OC = organic carbon

Toxicity Values from the Literature for Terrestrial Plants

Compound	Species		NOEC (mg/kg)	LOEC mg/kg)	End point	Reference
As (V)	corn	28 day loam sand	10	100	seedling wet weight	Woolson et al. 1971
As (V)	lettuce	5 day silica sand	11.6		germination	Vaughan & Greenslade 1998
Cr (VI)	lettuce	14 day loam	0.35	1.8	shoot wet weight	Adema & Henzen 1989
	tomato	14 day loam	3.2	6.8	shoot wet weight	Adema & Henzen 1989
	oats	14 day loam	3.5	7.4	shoot wet weight	Adema & Henzen 1989
	soya bean	3 day loam	10	30	shoot wet weight	Turner & Rust 1971
	tomato	14 day humic sand	10	21	shoot wet weight	Adema & Henzen 1989
	oats	14 day humic sand	11	31	shoot wet weight	Adema and Henzen 1989
Cu	lettuce	5 day silica sand	<7.8		germination	Vaughan & Greenslade 1998
	Lettuce	5 day silica sand	15.6		biomass	Vaughan & Greenslade 1998
	bluestem	84 day sand		100	root & shoot weight	Miles & Parker 1979
	bush beans	17 day loam	100	200	leaf weight	Wallace et al. 1977
Toluene	corn	Clay		200	wet weight	Overcash et al. 1982
	soya bean			20 000	wet weight
	soya been	Loam pH = 4		2000	emergence
	corn			20000	emergence
	soya been	Loam pH = 6		200	wet weight
	corn			20000

References

Abbasi, S.A., Soni, R. 1983: Stress-induced enhancement of reproduction in earthworm Octochaetus pattoni exposed to chromium (VI) and mercury (II) - Implications in environmental management. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 22: 43-47.

Adema, D. M., Henzen, L. 1989: A comparison of plant toxicities of some industrial chemicals in soil culture and soiless culture. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18:219-229.

Fischer, E., Koszorus, L. 1992: Sublethal effects, accumulation capacities and elimination rates of As, Hg, and Se in the manure worm, Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lubricidae). Pedobiologia 36: 172-178.

Khalil,M.A., Abdel-Lateif, H.M., Bayoumi, B.M., van Straalen, N.M., van Gestel, C.A.M. 1996: Effects of metals and metal mixtures on survival and cocoon production of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. Pedobiologia 40: 548-556.

Ma, W-C. 1982: The influence of soil properties and worm-related factors on the concentration of heavy metals in earthworms. Pedobiologia 24: 109-119.

Ma, W.C. 1984: Sublethal toxic effects of copper on growth, reproduction and litter breakdown activity in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, with observations on the influence of temperature and soil pH. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 33: 207-219.

Malecki, M.R., Neuhauser, E.F., Loehr, R.C. 1982: The effects of metals on the growth and reproduction of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia 24: 129-137.

Miles, L. J., Parker, G. R. 1979: Heavy metal interactions for Andropogon scoparius and Rudbeckia hirta grown on soil from urban and rural sites with heavy metal additions. J. Environ. Qual. 8:443-449.

Molnar, L., Fischer, E., Kallay, M. 1989: Laboratory studies on the effect, uptake and distribution of chromium in Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Zool. Anz. 223: 57-66.

Neuhauser, E.F., Malecki, M.R., Loehr, R.C. 1984: Growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia fetida after exposure to sublethal concentrations of metals. Pedobiologia 27: 89-97.

Neuhauser, E.F., Lochr, R.C., Milligan, D.L., Malecki, M.R. 1985: Toxicity of metals to the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Biology of Fertile Soil 1: 149-152.

Overcash, R. M., Weber, J. B., Miles, M. L. 1982: Behaviour of organic priority pollutants in the terrestrial system: Di-n-butyl phthalate ester, toluene, and 2, 4 dinitrophenol. UNC-WRRI-82-171. University of North Carolina: Water Resources Research Institute.

Soni, R., Abbasi, S.A. 1981: Mortality and reproduction in earthworm Pheretima posthuma exposed to chromium (VI). Intern. J. Environ. Studies 17: 147-149.

Spurgeon, D.J., Hopkins, S.P., Jones, D.T. 1994: Effects of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc on growth, reproduction and survival of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny): Assessing the environmental impact of point-source metal contamination in terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Pollution 84: 123-130.

Spurgeon, D.J., Hopkin, S.P., 1996: Effects of metal-contaminated soils on the growth, sexual development, and early cocoon production of the earthworm Eisenia fetida, with particular reference to zinc. Ecotox. Environ. Safety 35: 86-95.

Streit, B., Jaggy, A. 1983: Effect of soil tye on copper toxicity and copper uptake in Octolasium cyaneum (Lumbricidae). In: (Lebrun, Ph (Ed.) New Trends in Soil Biology, Ottignies Louvain la Neuve, pp 369-375.

Turner, M. A., Rust, R. H. 1971: Effects of chromium on growth and mineral nutrition of soybeans. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc. 35:755- 758.

van Gestel, C.A.M., van Dis, W.A., Dirven-van Breemen, E.M. Sparenburg, P.M., Baerselman, R. 1991: Influence of cadmium, copper, and pentachlorophenol on growth and sexual development of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta; Annelida). Biol.Fertil.Soil. 12: 117-121.

van Gestel,C.A.M.; van Dis,W.A.; van Breemen,E.M.; Sparenburg,P.M. 1989: Development of a standardized reproduction toxicity test with the earthworm species Eisenia fetida andrei using copper, pentachlorophenol, and 2,4-dichloroaniline. Ecotox.Environ.Safety 18: 305-312.

Vaughan, G.T, Greenslade, P.M. 1998 Sensitive bioassays for risk assessment of contaminated soils. Final report CET/IR 55. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Wallace, A., Alexander, G. V., Chaudhry, F. M. 1977 Phytotoxicity and some interactions of the essential trace metals iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, copper, an boron. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 8:773-780.

Woolson, E. A., Axley, J. H., Kearney, P. C. 1971: Correlation between available soil arsenic, estimated by six methods and response of corn (Zea mays L.). Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc. 35:101-105.

Return to Toxicity Assessment (Tiers 2-3)