Page still under construction and
will be added to.
Title: Draft Australian Water Quality
Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters |
Author: Australia and New Zealand Environment
and Conservation Council Agriculture and Resource Management Council of
Australia and New Zealand |
Date of Publication: August 1998 |
Publisher: Australia and New Zealand
Environment and Conservation Council & Agriculture and Resource
Management Council of Australia and New Zealand |
Document Type: Report in Five Volumes |
Scope of Document: Significant revision and
expansion of the ANZECC Australian Water Quality Guidelines 1992. Presents
guidelines for the ambient water quality in Australia. The document
includes non-toxic and toxic physico-chemical guidelines set out in a
considerably more complex fashion than previous document. It also includes
a new framework for the biological assessment of aquatic water quality and
sediment quality guidelines Included with these guidelines are
considerable support materials in several volumes. |
Assessment: The draft guidelines are
comprehensive compared to the 1992 version and will promote a more
detailed assessment of ambient water quality. It will however, require a
greater degree of sophistication by the user.
The use of the guidelines for the assessment of biological communities
and ecosystems is complex and will be difficult to undertake without
substantial biological data. Accordingly this approach may only be useful
in more complex ERAs, where sufficient supporting documentation has been
collected and where a likely adverse effect from the discharge of a
contaminant is demonstrated from a preliminary or Tier 1 assessment. |
Title: Australian Water Quality Guidelines
for Fresh and Marine Waters |
Author: Australian and New Zealand
Environment and Conservation Council |
Date of Publication: November 1992 |
Publisher: ANZECC |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Water quality guidelines
for the management of water quality in Australia.
It sets out the background to the development of the guidelines, and
the policy basis for their development. The guidelines are developed
specifically to support the development of water quality management
policies and objectives by ANZECC and the Australian Water Resources
Council (AWRC).
It defines and distinguishes between water quality criteria (data that
predict the chance or magnitude of a contaminant on a defined receptor),
and guidelines (that translate the criteria into a form that can be used
for management purposes).
It presents guidelines for the protection of aquatic ecosystems,
recreational water quality, and agricultural and industrial water use and
sets outs guidelines for assessing water quality. |
Assessment: It provides a broad range of
guidelines for the management water quality for various desired uses and
clearly presents the criteria that were used to develop the guidelines.
However, some caution is required in using the guidelines in New Zealand
as there are some values that related specifically to Australian
conditions (e.g. salinity for aquatic ecosystems protection and for
irrigation water quality.) Also, the approach is predicated on the basis
that protection of an individual species will ensure protection of other
less sensitive species in that ecosystem. This may not always be the case.
Its coverage extends only to contaminants in the water column. It
excludes for example, sediment quality guidelines and biological
guidelines.
Recently updated by 1999 draft guidelines. |
Title:
Australian Standard AS4482.1 1997 Guide to the sampling and investigation
of potentially contaminated soil Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds. |
Author:
Standards Australia |
Date of Publication: 1997 |
Publisher: Standards
Australia |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Includes
an overview of the site investigation process, and discussion of
preliminary and detailed site investigations.
Provides useful information on
establishing data quality objectives, on the design of soil sampling
programmes and on sampling protocols. It includes aspects of sample design
not well covered in other texts. This includes for example, a discussion and
associated look-up table on the number of sample points required to provide
statistically defensible site characterisation, the use of validation
sampling, and on methods for decontamination sampling equipment. |
Assessment: AS
4482.1-1997 provides useful guidance for the investigation and sampling of
soil at contaminated sites. Apart from providing basic information on
planning and undertaking site investigations, it provides useful
additional sampling and analytical information that is often not present
in generally accessible documents.
Generally applicable to NZ, but would need
to be read in conjunction with NZ specific guidance. |
Title: Health and Environmental Guidelines
for Selected Timber Treatment Chemicals |
Author: Ministry for the Environment &
Ministry of Health |
Date of Publication: June 1997 |
Publisher: Ministry for the Environment &
Ministry of Health |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Provides advice and
guidance on the assessment and management of timber treatment and sawmill
sites. The guidelines set out criteria for timber treatment chemicals
boron (B), Copper (Cu) Chromium (Cr), arsenate (As), and
pentachlorophenol.
The document is presented in several parts, including methodologies
and techniques for site investigation and the sampling and analysis of
soil and water.
Soil and water acceptance criteria are proposed that aims primarily to
protect human health. However, other criteria that are aimed to protect
freshwater aquatic ecosystems are presented, and are derived from existing
criteria proposed in other documents. |
Assessment: The document provides some key
information about the management of Cu, Cr and As as contaminants of
concern. However, it is restricted to the protection of human health with limited attention to ecological effects. Despite the
limitation in the scope of the document, useful summary information is
presented on the ecotoxicity of Cu, Cr and As, in the aquatic environment |
Title: Guidelines for Contaminated Sites
Information Collection and Management |
Author: Worley Consultants Ltd |
Date of Publication: November 1996 |
Publisher: Ministry for the Environment |
Document Type: Draft Report |
Scope of Document: It provides guidance on
legal and legislative requirements associated with the management of
information on and about contaminated sites, including database
development, information collection and dissemination.
It provides a broad outline of the information that may be required to
be collected on a contaminated site, and the responsibilities of councils
in terms of managing this information. |
Assessment: It provides little information on
risk assessment and is of limited relevance to this project. However, it
does provide guidance on the use of data and information collected from a
contaminated site through a risk assessment. |
Title: Environmental Guidelines for Water
Discharges from Petroleum Industry Sites in New Zealand |
Author: Joint Working Group of the Ministry
for the Environment, local authorities and petroleum marketing companies |
Date of Publication: December 1998 |
Publisher: Ministry for the Environment |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Provides guidance on the
management of petroleum sites to avoid or appropriately manage discharges
into the aquatic environment. It outlines the regulatory requirements
associated with operating a petroleum site, and provides guidance on site
management practice aimed at avoiding or controlling discharges.
The report provides some information on the probabilities of certain
release events occurring from petroleum sites, and presents several brief
case studies on the likely ecological impacts of spills into several
aquatic environments. |
Assessment: With the exception of the
appendices, this report provides little information on ERA from these
sites. |
Title: A Proposed Methodology for Deriving
Aquatic Guideline Values for Toxic Contaminants. |
Author: Ministry for the Environment |
Date of Publication: June 1996 |
Publisher: Ministry for the Environment |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Sets out a proposed
methodology for developing numerical guidelines for toxic,
non-bioaccumulative contaminants in water. It reviews various techniques
used for the development of guideline values and assesses these in the
context of resource management in NZ, likely data availability.
It sets out broad method for setting criteria based on a three- tiered
approach:
Tier 1: Use total benchmark concentrations as an initial screening
level.
Tier 2: Use more complicated techniques to measure bioavailability; or
Tier 3; Determine bioavailability from site specific data.
In the absence of specific guidelines for toxic contaminants, the
document recommends the use of the ANZECC Water Quality Guidelines (1992).
It anticipates the revision of these guidelines in late 1997. |
Assessment: Of limited
relevance to ERA of contaminated sites. However, it is useful in providing
some guidance for the development of aquatic criteria and the use of
available benchmark criteria.
It sets in place a three tiered system for assessing aquatic impacts
ranging from comparison of data to published criteria (Tier 1) through to
developing site specific criteria where necessary (Tier 3). |
Title: Guidelines for Assessing and Managing
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites in New Zealand |
Author: Ministry for the Environment |
Date of Publication: August 1999 |
Publisher: Ministry for the Environment |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Non statutory guideline on
the management of petroleum contaminated sites in New Zealand. The
guidelines propose a risk-based approach to site assessment and
management, and include discussion on the following:
- Hydrocarbon contamination fundamentals
- Site assessment Tier 1 soil acceptance criteria
- Tier 1 groundwater
acceptance criteria
- Development of site-specific acceptance criteria
- Site management
Tier 1 soil and groundwater acceptance criteria are presented, with an
emphasis on the protection of human health. The guidelines have not
specifically developed ecological acceptance criteria, on the basis that
most petroleum contaminated sites are located within environmental
settings that often do not require a high degree of protection. However,
despite this, the guidelines recommend the use of established criteria for
the protection of aquatic ecosystems (ANZECC 1992).
The guidelines direct readers to Environmental Guidelines for Surface
Water Discharges from Petroleum Industry Sites in New Zealand (developed
by the Oil Industry Environmental Working Group (OIEWG) to address surface
runoff into surface waters.
Module 6 presents a broad outline for developing site specific
ecological based acceptance criteria. It provides clear guidance on
the methods that could be used for Tier 2 and 3 ERAs. Here Tier 1
assessment involves the identification of receptors and exposure pathways,
using the Ecological Checklist presented in Appendix 4I. Tier 2 assessment
involves comparison of contaminants concentrations at or near a likely
receptor or point of impact with contaminants screening data. Finally Tier
3 assessment involves the collection and analysis of site specific data,
predictive fate transport and exposure modelling, and considering complex
ecosystems effects and interaction. |
Assessment: The guideline sets out to provide
guidance on the management of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites,
with particular emphasis on protecting human health and safety. The
guidelines consider that in only some more isolated cases that ecological
impacts may require consideration, which is a reasonable assumption given
the likely environmental settings of these facilities. However, given the
scope of the document, some limited guidance is provided to assist a site
investigator to recognise potential ecological impacts.
As ecological assessment checklist is provided as an appendix. The
checklist is designed only to provide a broad initial assessment of
habitats that could be affected by a contaminant release.
Despite the scope of the document, Module 6 provides useful guidance on
the development of site specific ecological criteria based on a tiered
approach using progressively more detailed site specific information.
No new ecological acceptance criteria are presented in the guidelines.
However, Module 2 ranks related compounds in order of increasing
ecological effect, and discusses the effects of soluble aromatic
hydrocarbons on marine organisms at various concentrations. |
Title: Guidelines for Assessment and Managing
Contaminated Gasworks Sites in New Zealand |
Author: Ministry for the Environment |
Date of Publication: August 1997 |
Publisher: Ministry for the Environment |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Non statutory guideline on
the management of gasworks sites in New Zealand.
- Risk assessment forms the basis of the guidelines, with the report
covering the following aspects
- Risk assessment process
- Role of risk assessment
- Consultation
- Roles and responsibilities for contaminated sites management
|
Assessment: The management approach adopted
in the guidelines follows the ANZECC & NHRMC guidelines. It considers
that risk assessment contains four components including:
-
Hazard identification;
-
Exposure assessment;
- Toxicity assessment; and
- Risk characterisation.
Risk management and risk communication are considered to be separate
from risk assessment.
The report presents a clear outline of the risk assessment process
recommended for assessing gasworks sites.
The guidelines set out three levels of risk assessment, viz:
- Screening level assessment comparison of measured contaminant
concentrations with generic risk-based acceptance criteria or guideline
values.
- Qualitative or semi-quantitative risk assessment based on generic
acceptance criteria, but including site specific consideration of exposure
pathways (transport & fate) and the effects of land use controls that
may impact or effects the risk to human health and the environment.
- Quantitative risk assessment including analysis of data used to derive
generic criteria and drawing on as much site specific data and information
as possible.
The guidelines present both general and specific site investigation and
assessment procedures. However, bearing in mind the scope of the report,
the application of these techniques to other contaminated sites is
somewhat limited.
Generic acceptance criteria are presented for contaminants of concern
including BTEX and heavy metals. However, as heavy metals are not usually
the limiting contaminants in a gasworks contaminated site, specific
criteria for these have not been developed. The criteria have been
developed for human health under several exposure settings
largely related to agricultural, residential, commercial /industrial and
recreational land uses.
Some broad guidelines on the application of generic soil criteria are
provided. These allow for some flexibility in the way in which the
criteria are used.
No criteria have been developed for other fauna or for flora, with
limited attention paid to ecological considerations. The guidelines refer
to the Victorian EPA Draft National Framework for Ecological Risk
Assessment (subsequently superseded by NEPM, 1998)
A key document for the assessment
of risks to human health from contaminated gasworks sites.
Ecological risk assessment is not covered in detail. The reader is
referred to other more complete references. |
Title: Discussion Document on Contaminated
Sites Management |
Author: Ministry for the Environment |
Date of Publication: November 1995 |
Publisher: Ministry for the Environment |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Discussion document on
liability issues associated with contaminated sites management. |
Assessment: Of little direct relevance to
ecological risk assessment |
Title: National Rapid Hazard Assessment
System for Potentially Contaminated Sites (Draft) |
Author: Ministry for the Environment |
Date of Publication: December 1993 |
Publisher: Ministry for the Environment |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: A methodology for
evaluating contaminated sites in terms of setting priorities for further
investigation on the basis of on actual or potential effects on human
health and the environment.
Primarily designed to categorise several or many sites based on
requirements or priorities for further action.
The assessment is undertaken in accordance with several categories
designed to allow the consistent evaluation of sites.
These categories include:
- Contaminant characteristics
- Exposure pathways; and
- Receptors
Evaluation or score sheets are included to allow for the consistent
rating of these factors, with weighting factors provided to address
aspects that are particularly sensitive.
The completed sheets provide an overall score, site category and
priority for further investigation.
Although the report makes it clear that the method is not a risk
assessment tool, it provides the final assessment in the form of a
relative risk estimate. |
Assessment: This methodology aims to
prioritise contaminated sites in terms of gathering of further
information. It is designed to assess or evaluate hazard potential as a
first step. The report cautions against the use of this methodology other
than an initial scoping exercise.
The method is based on the three categories outlined above, with
exposure pathways restricted to ground water and surface water and direct
contaminant contact pathways. As a result the receptors described in the
methodology are restricted to people, domestic animals and aquatic systems
in its broadest sense. The methodology is limited in terms of pathways and
receptors other than those described in the report. Here any guidance on
the use of the method becomes quite vague. For example, it outlines
sensitive environments as a receptor to consider, but apart from referring
the reader to the ecological districts and regions as mapped by McEwen
(1987) provides little other support to help assess the significance or
sensitivity of nearby habitats.
Overall, the method is useful for a broad screening assessment for
potential risks of site contamination to a limited array of potential
receptors over a restricted range of predominantly aquatic pathways.
The National Rapid Hazard Assessment System for Potentially
Contaminated Sites is a useful tool to undertake a broad screening level
assessment with the aim of setting priorities for further investigation.
It is designed to support decisions of priorities for further action based
on a subset of pathways and receptors. |
Title: Australian and New Zealand Guidelines
for the Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites |
Author: Australian and New Zealand
Environment and Conservation Council, National Health and Medical Research
Council. |
Date of Publication: January 1992 |
Publisher: ANZECC & NHMRC |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Management
framework for
the prevention assessment clean up and management of contaminated sites.
Provides a broad policy statement on the management of contaminated sites,
as well as information and guidance on the prevention of site
contamination, and subsequent management of environmental risks.
The document includes definitions, strategic policy framework,
assessment and clean-up (including preventative measures and
decommissioning considerations), site investigation and risk assessment. |
Assessment: Comprehensive policy document
that sets-out NZ policy on contaminated site assessment and management.
This document is cited in most subsequent national contaminated site
management policy and technical reports.
The methodology adopted is similar to more recent methodologies
proposed for contaminated site risk assessment (e.g. NEPM). However, the
document covers a much broader range of site management techniques apart
from risk assessment. As a result, both risk assessment and risk
management aspects are addressed with varying levels of detail. This
variable degree of detail makes it difficult to determine what level of
emphasis is being placed on certain sections.
The Guidelines promulgate soil quality criteria and provides references
for other criteria that may be acceptable for water air etc. Some of the
supporting criteria (e.g. Dutch B Criteria) have been superseded. |
Recommendations: Fundamental policy and technical document for
contaminated site management and risk assessment in NZ. Risk assessment
methodology is technically very sound but the scope of the document only
allows for a brief discussion. |
Title: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Ecological Risk Analysis: Tools and Applications |
Authors: Various |
Date of Publication: Various |
Publisher: Oak Ridge National Laboratory |
Document Type: Reports Various / Website |
Source: http://www.hsrd.ornl.gov/ecorisk/ecorisk.html |
Scope of Document: The Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) ecological risk analysis package comprises:
1. A background document describing the technical basis, appropriate
application and acceptance of ecological screening benchmarks, in
particular the ORNL benchmarks.
2. Toxicological screening benchmark reports containing
chemical-specific information covering:
- Aquatic biota;
- Terrestrial wildlife (mammals and birds)
- Terrestrial plants;
- Sediment-associated organisms; and
- Soil invertebrates and microbial processes.
A series of guidance documents covering a range of issues including
guidance on performing ecological risk assessments, a range of exposure
models, data quality objectives and guidance on developing preliminary
remediation goals (PRGs).
Several examples of completed ecological risk assessments. |
Assessment: The ORNL is a multi-program
science and technology laboratory operated for the US Department of Energy
by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation. The ORNL ecological risk
assessment package has strong international credibility and is referred to
in some EPA risk assessment documents, e.g. the EPAs interim final
guidance for ecological risk assessment for Superfund references the ORNL
screening benchmarks.
The package was designed to facilitate the evaluation of chemical
contamination at the Oak Ridge Reservation and other US Department of
Energy facilities. It provides comprehensive technical guidance in
identifying contaminants, media and receptors that may be at risk and may
require further investigations. It is aimed at intermediate to advanced
level practitioners carrying out Phase I site investigations and does not
address wider risk management issues. However, there are recommendations
for preliminary remedial goals for ecological end points.
benchmark criteria have been developed for a wide range of inorganic
and organic "contaminants of concern" (COC), including metals,
organochlorines and hydrocarbons. The package does not assess human health
risks.
Many of the species that are assessed are not relevant to New Zealand
ecosystems, however the methodology for developing the screening
benchmarks could be applied in developing site-specific or New
Zealand-specific guidelines.
The ORNL ecological risk assessment package is a comprehensive
technical guide to conducting ecological screening and baseline risk
assessments. The benchmark criteria are specific to North American
species, however the methodology could be used to develop criteria for the
New Zealand environment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY ECOLOGICAL RISK
ANALYSIS: TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS
Background Document
Sample, Bradley E., Glenn W. Suter II, Rebecca A. Efroymson, and Daniel
S. Jones, A Guide to the ORNL Ecotoxicological Screening Benchmarks:
Background, Development, and Application, May 1998, Revision 1.0. Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
SCREENING BENCHMARK REPORTS
AQUATIC BIOTA:
Suter, G. W. II, and C. L. Tsao. 1996. Toxicological Benchmarks for
Screening of Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Aquatic
Biota on Oak Ridge Reservation: 1996 Revision. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge
Environmental Management & Enrichment Facilities. 1998.
Radiological Benchmarks for Screening Contaminants of Potential Concern
for Effects on Aquatic Biota at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC, Oak Ridge
WILDLIFE:
Sample, B.E., D.M. Opresko, and G.W Suter II. 1996. Toxicological
Benchmarks for Wildlife: 1996 Revision. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge
TERRESTRIAL PLANTS:
Efroymson, R.A., M.E. Will, G.W. Suter II, and A.C. Wooten. 1997.
Toxicological Benchmarks for Screening Contaminants of Potential Concern
for Effects on Terrestrial Plants: 1997 Revision. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge
SEDIMENTS:
Jones, D.S., G.W. Suter II, and R.N. Hull. 1997. Toxicological
Benchmarks for Screening Contaminants of Potential Concern for Effects on
Sediment-Associated Biota: 1997 Revision. Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge
SOIL INVERTEBRATES AND MICROBIAL PROCESSES
R.A. Efroymson, M.E, Will, and G.W. Suter II. 1997. Toxicological
Benchmarks for Contaminants of Potential Concern for Effects on Soil and
Litter Invertebrates and Heterotrophic Processes: 1997 Revision. Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge
GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
UPTAKE OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS FROM SOIL BY PLANTS
Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC. 1998. Empirical Models for the Uptake of
Inorganic Chemicals from Soil by Plants. Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC
BIOTA SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION FACTORS FOR INVERTEBRATES
Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC. 1998. Biota Sediment Accumulation Factors
for Invertebrates: Review and Recommendations for the Oak Ridge
Reservation. Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC
IONIZING RADIATION ON TERRESTRIAL PLANTS & ANIMALS
Barnthouse, Lawrence W. 1995. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on
Terrestrial Plants and Animals: A Workshop Report. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN.
BIOACCUMULATION MODELS FOR SMALL MAMMALS
Sample, B.E., J.J. Beauchamp, R.A. Efroymson, and G.W. Suter,II. 1998.
Development and Validation of Bioaccumulation Models for Small Mammals.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN.
BIOACCUMULATION MODELS FOR EARTHWORMS
Sample, B.E., J.J. Beauchamp, R.A. Efroymson, G.W. Suter,II, and T.L.
Ashwood. 1998. Development and Validation of Bioaccumulation Models for
Earthworms. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ECOLOGICAL RISKS OF PETROLEUM-DERIVED MATERIALS IN SOIL
Suter, G.W.,II. 1997. A Framework for Assessing Ecological Risks of
Petroleum-Derived Materials in Soil. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge TN.
WILDLIFE EXPOSURE MODELS
Sample, B.E., M.S. Aplin, R.A. Efroymson, G.W. Suter, II and C.J.E.
Welsh. 1997. Methods and tools for estimation of the exposure of
terrestrial wildlife to contaminants. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge TN.
Sample, B.E., and G.W. Suter, II. 1994. Estimating exposure of
terrestrial wildlife to contaminants. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge TN.
GUIDE FOR SCREENING LEVEL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS
Suter, G.W., II. 1995. Guide for performing screening ecological risk
assessments at DOE facilities. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge
TN.
APPROACH FOR PERFORMING ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS
Suter, G.W., II, B.E. Sample, D.S. Jones, T.L. Ashwood, and J.M. Loar.
1995. Approach and strategy for performing ecological risk assessments for
the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation: 1995 revision. Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN.
PRGs FOR ECOLOGICAL END POINTS
Efroymson, R.A., G.W. Suter, II, B.E. Sample and D.S. Jones. 1997.
Preliminary Remediation Goals for Ecological End points. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
RADIOLOGICAL EXPOSURE
Blaylock, B.G., M.L. Frank and B.R. O'Neal. 1993. Methodology for
Estimating Dose Rates to Freshwater Biota Exposed to Radionuclides in the
Environment. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
CONCEPTUAL MODELS FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS
Suter II, G.W. 1996. Guide for Developing Conceptual Models for
Ecological Risk Assessments. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS
Barnthouse, L.W., and G.W. Suter II. 1996. Guide for Developing Data
Quality Objectives for Ecological Risk Assessment at DOE Oak Ridge
Operations Facilities. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
RISK CHARACTERIZATION FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
G.W. Suter II. 1996. Risk Characterization for Ecological Risk
Assessment of Contaminated Sites. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN. |
Title: Risk Assessment of Environmental
Chemicals |
Author: A Fan, R Howd and B Davis |
Date of Publication: 1995 |
Publisher: Annual Reviews Inc. (Annual
Reviews Pharmacol, Toxicol. 35: 341-368) |
Document Type: Technical paper |
Scope of Document: Deals with neurotoxicity
assessment, immunotoxicity assessment, reproductive and developmental
toxicity, genotoxicity, carcenogenicity, toxicokinetics and modelling.
Totally directed at human health and not of particular use for
an ecological risk assessment. |
Title: Risk Assessment Methods Approaches
for Assessing Health and Environmental Risks |
Author: VT Covello and MW Merkhofer |
Date of Publication: 1993 |
Publisher: Plenum Press |
Document Type: Book |
Scope of Document: The book is divided into
the following chapters:
- Introduction to risk assessment
- Release assessment
- Exposure assessment
- Consequence assessment
- Risk estimation
- An evaluation of state of the art
The book was developed to bring together all of the methods for
assessing risk into a common framework with a view to proving a
comprehensive reference, evaluating and comparing available risk
assessment methods and identifying their strengths and limitations, and
providing guidance for planning and conducting risk assessments. |
Assessment: Provides extremely useful
guidance to the "novice to intermediate" investigator on site
characterisation, identification of pathways and potential receptors and
methods and models that it may be appropriate to use. It includes both
ecological and human health pathways and receptors
Although it is five years from the date of publication, the basic
information is still as relevant today as when prepared. It specifically
addresses, in the general sense, the weaknesses, strengths and
inconsistencies of the various types of model. Model development in the
ensuing period may mean that some comments may no longer be true.
The information is considered to be applicable to the NZ environmental
and resource management setting.
An important reference document when considering models. |
Title: Risk Assessment of Chemicals An
Introduction |
Author: CJ van Leeuwen ans JLM Hermens (Eds) |
Date of Publication: 1996 |
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers |
Document Type: Book |
Scope of Document: A comprehensive treatment
of the subject under the following chapters;
- General information
- Emissions of chemicals
- Transport, accumulation and transformation processes
- Exposure modelling
- Toxicity testing and human health
- Ecotoxicological effects
- Properties of chemicals and estimation methodologies
- Procedures of hazard and risk assessment
Within the text there is generic treatment of exposure models,
environmental fate and exposure models and effects and estimation models. |
Assessment: This is the best book of its kind
that I have discovered in the literature search which provides guidance to
the "novice to intermediate" investigator on site
characterisation, identification of pathways and potential receptors
Includes ecological and human health pathways and receptors and its
broad but also specific nature makes it applicable to the New Zealand
situation.
An extremely valuable resource document for the project. |
Title: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology |
Author: GM Rand and SR Petrocelli (eds) |
Date of Publication: 1985 |
Publisher: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation |
Document Type: Book |
Scope of Document: A treatise containing
twenty three chapters covering toxicity testing, sub-lethal effects,
specific chemical effects, chemical distribution and fate, and hazard
evaluation.
Although this book was published more than ten years ago, the
principles remain unchanged and there is an abundance of good guidance
which is relevant to the New Zealand environmental and resource management
setting.
The chapters on chemical distribution/fate and hazard evaluation
include bioaccumulation, biotransformation, fate modelling, field
validation chemical safety evaluation and effluent evaluation, are
particularly relevant.
No particular models are referenced. |
Title: Risk Assessment Health -
Environment |
Author: I Andersson and T Lindwall (eds) |
Date of Publication: 1996 |
Publisher: Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency Report 4595 |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Summary report at the end
of a four year project studying the health effects of air pollution. |
Title: Risk: Analysis, Perception and
Management |
Date of Publication: 1992 |
Publisher: The Royal Society, London |
Document Type: Book |
Scope of Document: General reference text on
Risk produced by commissioned study group of the Royal Society.
- Introduction
- Estimating Engineering Risk
- Toxicity, Toxicology and Nutrition
- Estimation of Risk from Observations on Man
- Risk Perception
- Risk Management
|
Assessment: Very limited treatment of
ecological risk matters. However good general background to risk
assessment concepts and practice. |
Title: Risk |
Author: J Adams |
Date of Publication: 1995 |
Publisher: University College London Press |
Document Type: Book . |
Scope of Document: Based on research into
risk, mainly related to road usage, deals with sociological and cultural
theories of risk. Chapters on risk, patterns of uncertainty, errors,
chance and culture, measuring risk, monetizing risk, road safety, the
greenhouse effect, the risk society and managing risk better. |
Assessment: Interesting treatise on
acceptability of risk, where the author has attempted to strip much of the
literature on risk of its "historical baggage" and many of its
claims to "scientific" authority. Raises awareness of
sociological aspects for scientists/managers/"mad" officials.
Interesting background but not directly relevant to this project. |
Title: US Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR) Science Corner |
Document Type: WWW site
atsdr1.atsdr.cdc.gov:8080/cx.html |
Scope of Document: Developed to search the
Internet for free information sources, in the public domain, which relate
to environmental health issues of concern to ATSDR and to share global
information sources on the linkage between human exposure to hazardous
chemicals and adverse human health effects. Has a section on risk
assessment and the Toxfaqs database on toxicity and human health effects. |
Assessment: Human health focus, but useful in
a generic sense. |
Title: RiskWorld |
Document Type: WWW site
www.riskworld.com/ |
Scope of Document: Provides news and
information on the identification, critical analysis and management of
risks including human health and the environment, as well as economic,
financial, social and political. Vast amount of information links to
professional organisations working in the areas, lists of publications,
new software etc. |
Title: Reporting on Risk A Journalists
Handbook on Environmental Risk Assessment |
Author: Kamrin M, Katz D, and Walter M |
Date of Publication: 1995 |
Publisher: Foundation for American
Communication and National Sea Grant College |
Document Type: WWW site
www.facsnet.org/report_tools/guides_primers/risk/main.html
Also available as a book ISBN 1 885756 08 9. |
Scope of Document: Comprehensive but
simplified breakdown of the risk assessment process and discusses the
roles of risk management and risk communication primarily directed at
human health.
- Risk Assessment
- Exposure Assessment
- Toxicity Assessment
- Epidemiology the science of people
- Assessing the Studys Validity
- Risk Communication
|
Assessment: Overall, useful guidance on
conducting a risk assessment. However, presented from a North American
perspective and focused specifically on human health. |
Title: Environmental Chemicals Data and
Information Network (ECDIN) |
Document Type: WWW site
ulisse.ei.jrc.it/Ecdin/Ecdin.html |
Scope of Document: Searchable chemicals
database, generally useful but not specifically applicable to this
project. |
Title: EcoNet: Toxics, Hazards and Wastes
Resources |
Document Type: WWW site
www.econet.apc.org/toxic/ |
Scope of Document: Provides much information
in toxicology field often by way of links to other sites. Sources of
databases, material safety data sheets and organisations involved in work
on toxic hazards etc. |
Assessment: Useful data resource. |
Title: United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) |
Document Type: WWW site and
gopher site gopher://gopher.undp.org:70/11/ungophers/unep/publications/mongrphs/mon_05 |
Scope of Document: Information on
conventions, programmes and documents and monographs on Science Risk
Analysis and Environmental Policy Decisions. Links to International
Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC). |
Assessment: Interesting comments on
environmental risk assessment but nothing of specific assistance to this
project. |
Title: Society of Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry (SETAC) |
Document Type: WWW site www.setac.org/ |
Scope of Document: Provides information on
SETAC activities meetings, publications, advisory groups etc. Several
advisory groups of interest eg. Fate and Exposure modelling. Some recent
publications reviewed elsewhere.
|
Assessment: Worthwhile site. |
Title: Risk Assessment and Policy Association
(RAPA) |
Document Type: WWW site www.fplc.edu/tfield/rapa.htm |
Scope of Document: Provides information on
the Association and publications Risk: health, Safety and the
Environment. Focus is on public and private initiatives to reduce impacts
on the environment. Emphasis is on policy and regulatory approaches, to
risk assessment and management.
|
Assessment: Not directly relevant to this project. |
Title: OECD Chemicals Programme |
Document Type: WWW site www.oecd.org/ehs/chem2.htm |
Scope of Document: Provides information on
the chemicals programme projects, publications, activities etc. Many
activities in the fields of environment and health and safety and
references to databases of chemicals. Work programme includes a
publication on Ecological hazard/Risk Assessment schemes but this does not
appear to have been produced yet. |
Title: International Society for Exposure
Analysis (ISEA) |
Document Type: WWW site www.isea.rutgers.edu/isea/isea.html |
Scope of Document: Provides information on
the Society including the Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental
Epedimiology. Journal titles generally specific to exposure and not risk
assessment. |
Title: UK Institution of Chemical Engineers |
Document Type: WWW site http:/icheme.chemeng.ed.ac.uk/ |
Scope of Document: Provides general
information about the institution and a useful list of publications.
Nothing specific obtained from these that is relevant to ERA. |
Title: Commission of European Communities
(CEC) Environment Institute (EI) Joint Research Centre (JRC) Eurpoean
Chemicals Bureau (ECB)
|
Document Type: WWW site www..ei.jrc.it/ecb/
www.ei.jrc.it#EI and a
number of others |
Scope of Document: Several potentially
relevant projects our outlined. However, none are of specific use at
present. Developing European Union System for Evaluation of Substances
(EUSES) a risk assessment support tool in a database for implementing EU
Technical Guidance documents
Potential for useful output. |
Title: Advisory Committee on Releases to the
Environment (ACRE) |
Document Type: WWW site www/shef.ac.uk/~doe/ |
Scope of Document: Focus is on biotechnology
and genetic modifications |
Assessment: Nothing of particular relevance
to ERA. |
Title: Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of
the Chlorinated Organic Chemicals |
Author: (edited by) J Carey, P cook, J Giesy,
P hodson, D Muir, W Owens, K Solomon |
Date of Publication: 1997 |
Publisher: Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry |
Document Type: Report of workshop
proceedings. |
Scope of Document: Sources, distribution,
transport and transformation, bioaccumulation and metabolism, modelling
fate and transport, hazard assessment for terrestrial and aquatic animals,
ecological risk assessment and management.
Specifically deals with chlorinated organic chemicals, which are
outside the scope of the project. |
Title: Ecological Risk Assessments of
Contaminated Sediments |
Author: (edited by) GR Biddinger, T Dillon,
CG Ingersoll |
Date of Publication: 1996 |
Publisher: Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry |
Document Type: Review book |
Scope of Document: Australasian, European and
North American perspective
Overview of sediment ecological risk assessment, risks to benthic
species in product and technology development, critical applications
(navigational dredging contaminated site cleanup), pertinent issues (
ecological relevance, methodological uncertainty) |
Assessment: Useful background document. |
Title: The Multi-media Fate Model: Vital Tool
for Predicting the Fate of Chemicals |
Author: (edited by) CE Cowan, D Mackay, TC
Feijtel, D van de Meent, A Di Guardo, J Davies, N Mackay |
Date of Publication: 1995 |
Publisher: Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry |
Document Type: Review report based on two
workshop proceedings |
Scope of Document: Systematic evaluation of
Mackay-type multi media models with round robin comparisons of ChemCAN,
HAZCHEM, SimpleBOX and CalTOX and guidance on model application. |
Title: ECETOC Technical report No. 40: Hazard
assessment of chemical contaminants in soil, revised Appendix 3 |
Author: European Chemical Industry. |
Date of Publication: April 1992. |
Publisher: European Chemical Industry. |
Document Type: Technical report |
Scope of Document:This report is a guide for
use with the HESP 2.0 program and details applications of the model,
descriptions of programs used in the model, descriptions of model
parameters, and the literature basis behind the model. |
Title: ECETOC Technical report No. 40: Hazard
assessment of chemical contaminants in soil. |
Author: European Chemical Industry. |
Date of Publication: August 1990. |
Publisher: European Chemical Industry. |
Document Type: Technical report |
Scope of Document: The report describes
methods for assessing hazards to man and other organisms in the
environment when exposed to soil contaminants resulting from past waste
disposal, spills, leaks and local aerial pollution. The hazard assessment
is based on the comparison of maximum tolerable exposure levels with
estimated or measured environmental exposure levels. |
Assessment: Aimed at assessing risk of
contaminant exposure in humans but describes a process that can be applied
to other organisms. The document presents a detailed mathematical model
(HESP) for use in risk assessment, which at the time of printing was not
validated. A step wise approach is presented and provides procedures for
deriving measured exposure routes. |
Title: Evaluation of risk-based approaches in
environmental guideline and stand setting, Part 1 Executive and policy
summary, for Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. |
Author: Kemper J.B, Dr Kindzierski W, Dr
Gaudet C, Dr Moore D. |
Date of Publication: October 1997 |
Publisher: Kemper2 & Associates Inc. |
Document Type: Executive and Policy Summary |
Scope of Document: A review of existing
protocols, standardised terminology, and overal framework for use of risk
in CWES and eight policy recommendations for the Canadian Council of
Ministers of the Environment.
Limited usefulness to New Zealand. |
Title: EPA Region 10: Supplementary
Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. |
Author: USEPA Region 10. |
Date of Publication: June 1997 |
Publisher: USEPA. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: A summary of the important
concepts from national risk guidance relevant to risk assessment in Region
10. The guideline is developed on a multilevel approach incorporating the
following levels:
- Scoping development of a site model and preliminary site
remediation goals;
- Phase II preliminary data anlaysis and site characterisation
summary;
- Phase III remedial investigation and feasibility study reports.
|
Assessment: A complete ecological risk based
methodology is presented using flow charts, checklists and graphical
outputs to work through the process. Risk based screening levels are
provided as well as derivation of measured end points. |
Title: Environmental Assessments of Priority
Substances Under the Canadian Environment Protection Act, guidance manual
version 1.0. |
Author: Environment Canada. |
Date of Publication: March 1997 |
Publisher: Environment Canada. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: Legislative framework to
deal with toxic substances in the environment. This document emphasises
prevention and deals with all stages of a substances life cycle from
research and development to manufacture, transportation and disposal. The
framework uses a modification of USEPA process by incorporating
characterisation of entry, exposure and effects that is required to
determine whether a substance is toxic. A tiered approach is adopted, with
tiers 1 and 2 being hyperconservative with respect to estimates of
exposure and effects of a particular substance, while tier 3 is realistic
on a site specific basis by comparing effect and exposure distributions
rather than point estimates. |
Assessment: The document clearly and
concisely works through the assessment process from data collection and
generation, problem formulation, entry, exposure, effects and risk
characterisation. Complex substances are also addressed.
Comprehensive methodology for risk assessors conducting an ecological
risk assessment. |
Title: Contaminated Site Remediation Program:
Risk Assessment Procedures Manual for Method 4.0. |
Author: Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation. |
Date of Publication: May 1998 |
Publisher: Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation. |
Document Type: Guidance document
|
Scope of Document: This manual provides risk assessment procedures
for use in preparing a human health and ecological risk assessment under
the Oil and Other Hazardous Substances Pollution Control regulations. The
document is intended to be complimentary with other published USEPA
guidance documents, and is aimed to provide supplementary information
relating to the harsh environmental conditions experienced in Alaska.
The document is designed to achieve a consistent technical approach, to
minimise revision and re-submittal of risk assessment documents and assist
in the regulatory site remediation decision-making process. |
Assessment: Complete risk assessment approach
relating to human health and ecological receptors, with a comprehensive
methodology presented for all assessment processes. Simplistic with
examples, lists of toxicity databases, checklists and presentation tables.
Easy to follow approach to conducting ecological risk calculations,
estimating exposure, and problem formulation of assessment end points.
Ecological components closely aligned with Proposed Guidelines for
Ecological Risk Assessment (USEPA, 1996), Framework for Ecological Risk
Assessments (USEPA, 1992a), Ecological Risk Assessment for superfund:
Process for designing and conducting Ecological Risk Assessments (USEPA,
1997a), and EPA Region 10 Supplemental Risk Assessment Guidance for
Superfund (USEPA, 1997b).
Comprehensive methodology for conducting an ecological risk assessment.
May provide a suitable base for establishing a document for the New
Zealand situation, and is useful resource for ERA. |
Title: Guidance for ecological risk
assessment, Final. |
Author: Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality, Waste Management & Cleanup Division, Cleanup Policy &
Program Development Section. |
Date of Publication: April 1998 |
Publisher: USEPA |
Document Type: Guidance document. |
Scope of Document: The department has
developed a multilevel approach to determine whether investigation and
remedial action is required in relation to ecological effects. Division of
the ecological risk assessment process into four levels:
- Scoping
- Screening
- Baseline, and
- Field baseline
It has been prepared to meet the requirements of revised laws and to
include ecological risk assessments in state cleanup programs where they
are required. Included in the document are Screening Benchmark Tables for
screening contaminants during a level II assessment. |
Assessment: Detailed methodology of each of
the four tier levels I IV, with inclusion of checklists for each
process and flow charts for process identification. Included in the
Appendices are documents on the selection of end points, derivation of
ecological target cleanup levels and comprehensive tables of screening
benchmark values for a wide range of contaminants. ECO update papers by
the US EPA illustrate and provide additional information on process steps.
Comprehensive description of the methodology and considerations
required when conducting ecological risk assessments in Oregon. Is a
useful document for combining with other USEPA documents when conducting
and ecological risk assessment. |
Title: Standard Provisional Guide for
Risk-based Corrective Action. |
Author: American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) |
Date of Publication: July 1998 |
Publisher: ASTM |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: A provisional guide for
development of risk-based corrective action (RBCA) program integrating
ecological and human health risk-based decision making into a traditional
corrective process. A flexible framework for corrective action, which has
applicability to a wide range of sites and chemicals of concern. A tiered
approach in which the analysis becomes more sophisticated with progression
through the tiers. |
Assessment: Detailed methodology for tiered
evaluation, providing examples and methodology flowcharts. Provides risk
based screening levels. Not specific to ecological risk assessment.
Important standard document which provides the basis for the approach
of many other guidance documents. |
Title: Framework for ecological risk
assessment. |
Author: USEPA |
Date of Publication: February 1992 |
Publisher: USEPA |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: It describes the basic
elements or framework, of a process for evaluating scientific information
on the adverse effects of physical, biological and chemical stressors on
the environment. Aimed at providing regulatory authorities with
comprehensive guidance on methods for evaluating ecological risk. |
Assessment: Detailed methodology for
assessing ecological risk, includes topics on formulating a conceptual
site model, ecosystem characterisation, exposure analysis, risk
characterisation and determination of measured end points. No examples or
toxicological information provided, which limits its usefulness to less
experienced site investigators. Despite this limitation, it is a
comprehensive ERA reference document. |
Title: Application of ecological risk
assessment to hazardous waste site remediation. |
Author: Water Environment Federation (WEF) |
Date of Publication: 1993 |
Publisher: WEF |
Document Type: Papers derived from a workshop |
Scope of Document: Several papers including
articles on:
- EPAs framework for ecological risk assessment
- Basic tools of ecological risk assessment
- Designing an ecological risk assessment under the superfund program
- Modeling
- Ecological risk assessment for environmental management
- Aquatic ecological risk assessment and clean up goals for metals
arising from mining operations
- Terrestrial and aquatic ecological assessment for a RCRA hazardous
waste site
- Evaluating ecological risks and developing remedial objectives at
forested wetland systems in New England.
|
Assessment: Of limited relevance to ERA. |
Title: National Environmental Protection
Measure for assessment of site contamination, Draft Guideline 5:
Ecological risk assessment. |
Author: National Environment Protection
Council (NEPC) |
Date of Publication: March 1999 |
Publisher: NEPC |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: Describes the framework
for ecological risk assessment for chemically contaminated soils that is
aimed at state environmental agencies and risk assessors. |
Assessment: A comprehensive technical
guidance for initiating and conducting an ecological risk assessment.
Discusses and describes the process of ERA, significance and derivation of
generic soil and site specific ecological values, levels of ecological
risk assessment, data requirements and risk management outcomes. A chapter
on uncertainty associated with the mathematical risk assessment process
and reporting requirements is also provided.
Suitable guidance document that is relevant for New
Zealand, but is limited to soil contamination. Review |
Title: Assessment of soil contamination:
Draft National Environmental Protection Measure and Impact Statement. |
Author: National Environmental Protection
Council (NEPC) |
Date of Publication: March 1999 |
Publisher: NEPC |
Document Type: Impact statement/ policy
review |
Scope of Document: Document to review, update
and formalise ANZECC/NHMRC Guidelines for the assessment and management of
contaminated sites, in relation to policy and technical aspects of soil
contamination. |
Assessment: In terms of ecological risk
assessment, a chapter is devoted to summarising the Draft National
Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites, developed
by the Victorian EPA in Australia. The chapter discusses the need for
derivation of toxicity and bioavailability information relevant to the
Australian setting. Environmental, social and economic impacts of a
consistent ERA methodology are discussed.
This will lead to derivation of ecological investigation levels and
regional ecological investigation levels (EILs and REILs), however
these will need to be supported by a large data base of species specific
information relevant to the Australian setting. The chapter concludes that
at present meaningful ERA is not possible due to the lack of data, with
the exception of high value assessments where they would support the cost
of data acquisition.
Resulting methodologies may be relevant
to the New Zealand situation, however consideration of differing species
and ecosystems would require New Zealand to set up its own species
specific database. |
Title: Ecotox Thresholds |
Author: US Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: |
Publisher: US Environmental Protection Agency |
Document Type: Database |
Scope of Document: EPA has developed software
that calculates Ecotox Thresholds (ETs) for selected chemicals commonly
found in surface water, sediment and soil samples at sites. It can print
out a table of ETs and their sources. The Ecotox Thresholds (ETs), and are
defined as media-specific contaminant concentrations above which there is
sufficient concern regarding adverse ecological effects to warrant further
site investigation. ETs are designed to provide Superfund site managers
with a tool to efficiently identify contaminants that may pose a threat to
ecological receptors and focus further site activities on those
contaminants and the media in which they are found. ETs are meant to be
used for screening purposes only; they are not regulatory criteria,
site-specific cleanup standards, or remediation goals. Bioaccumulation and
biomagnification are not addressed.
The maximum concentration of each chemical at a site is compared to the
medium-specific ET to evaluate whether further risk assessment for the
chemical is warranted. The ET software calculates site-specific ETs by
adjusting for pH and hardness in surface water and total organic carbon in
sediment. The software can also compare the site-specific ETs to the
concentrations detected at the site.
The January 1996 ECO Update on ETs (EPA 540/F-95/038) describes, in
detail, how to calculate and use ETs (PDF file).
ET software have been compressed into a single file (ECOTOX.ZIP) that
can be downloaded. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/r19/ecotox/index.html |
Title: ECOTOX Database (AQUIRE, PHYTOTOX, and
TERRETOX) (Non-VMS Data) |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: August 1996 |
Publisher: ECOTOX Database (AQUIRE, PHYTOTOX,
and TERRETOX) (Non-VMS Data) (on magnetic tape and CD-ROM) U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division |
Document Type: Database |
Scope of Document: This datafile is an
integration of three existing EPA datafiles, AQUIRE, Phytotox, and
Terretox. It includes toxicity data, derived predominantly from the
peer-reviewed literature, for aquatic organisms, terrestrial plants and
wildlife species, respectively. Each Ecotox test record contains
information about the chemical, organism, exposure condition and observed
effect under which the toxicity test was conducted. AQUIRE (Acquatic
Toxicity Information Retrieval) developed in 1981 through efforts at the
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Mid-Continent Ecology Division
in Duluth, MN (MED-Duluth), is a comprehensive summary of available
aquatic toxicity data. Currently, AQUIRE includes more than 140,000 toxic
effect records for 5,900 chemicals and 2,900 freshwater and marine
organisms abstracted from more than 10,000 publications.
AQUIRE includes lethal, sublethal, and residue effects data for a
single-chemical exposures conducted in a field or laboratory setting
through the first quarter of publication year 1996. AQUIRE does not
include in vitro exposures, mixture and effluent exposures, or sediment
exposures that do not report water concentrations. Phytotox, developed
through efforts at the U.S. EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecology Division, (WED)
in Corvalis, OR, is a database of toxic effects records for terrestrial
vascular wild plant species (native or introduced) or agricultural
species. Phytotox includes lethal and sublethal effect data through
publication year 1991, but does not include results from residue studies.
Currently, the database contains more than 48,000 effect records for
900 species and 1,500 chemicals, extracted from 2,600 publications.
Terretox (Terrestrial Toxicity Database) was also developed through
efforts at the WED, and includes toxicity data for wildlife species.
Lethal, sublethal and residues effects data through publication year 1992
are included in Terretox. Terretox currently includes more than 38,000
data records for 240 species and 1,056 chemicals, abstracted from 529
publications. Ecotox also includes the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP)
Ecological Effects Database, which contains toxic effects data categorized
as acceptable for fulfillment of pesticide registration and
re-registration guideline requirements as explained under FIFRA
Subdivision E, Parts 158.145 and 158.150. |
Assessment: Comprehensive toxicological
database, that is accessible on-line (refer Section 4.0). Suitable for
experienced site investigators familiar with using ecotoxicological data. |
Title: Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites
in Europe |
Author: Paul Nathanail et al |
Date of Publication: 1998 |
Publisher: Caracas |
Scope of Document: It summarises the
conclusions and recommendations drawn by CARACAS scientists for various
practical and research areas related to risk assessment for contaminated
land. It is a unique reference for the practical state-of-the-art on risk
assessment in Europe, and outlines perceived research needs in the context
of current approaches for contaminated land risk assessment in European
countries.
Volume 1 - Scientific Basis (available now)
Volume 2 - Policy Frameworks (available in September 98)
Volume 1 focuses on scientific aspects of risk assessment and on
research needs. Based on analysis of the current situation priority
research needs have been identified and classified into two main
categories: the nature of contaminated land, which deals with the
characterisation of soil pollution including its impact on water resources
and other parts of the environment; and the relationship between soil
contamination and fitness for use, which deals with the conditions for
sustainable landuse in urban and rural areas.
The policy frameworks in which risk assessment and risk management are
carried out in the participating countries will be described in Volume 2
(available in Sept. 98).
|
Title: A Framework for Ecological Risk
Assessment At Contaminated Sites in Canada: Review and Recommendations. |
Author: Environment Canada. |
Date of Publication: 1994 |
Publisher: Ecosystem Conservation
Directorate, National Contaminated Sites Remediation Program. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: The framework is designed
to promote consistency in site assessment and remediation in Canada,
relating to ecological risk. Human health risk is not considered in this
document. The key components of the assessment are: exposure assessment,
receptor characterisation, hazard assessment and risk characterisation.
Its goal is for the process to result in remedial decisions and activities
for sites where such action is needed.
A tiered approach is considered:
Level I screening and characterisation by simple qualitative or
comparative methods;
Level II derivation of semi-quantitative data including
environmental methods and models, with an increased emphasis on data
collection and priority issues determined in the Level I assessment;
Level III site specific data and predictive modeling to derive
quantitative information on complex ecosystem responses. Chronic effects,
interactions between chemicals and ecosystem level studies are encompassed
in this assessment. |
Assessment: The tiered approach methodology
is comprehensively described and flow diagrams, charts and checklists are
used through the text. The document describes the entire process along the
lines of human health risk assessment with: problem definition, exposure
assessment, receptor characterisation, hazard assessment, risk
characterisation and application of the tiered approach under US
regulations. Data requirements of each phase are clearly defined by way of
tables and flow charts.
Recommendations: The system is compatible with other tiered approach
guidance documents produced in the United States. It is likely to be
useful as a base document for site investigators in New Zealand, provided
that the Canadian regulatory requirements are recognised |
Title: Guidance for Conducting Ecological
Risk Assessments Under Texas Risk Reduction Program (Draft). |
Author: Texas Natural Resource Conservation
Commission (TNRCC). |
Date of Publication: November 1996 |
Publisher: Texas Natural Resource
Conservation Commission (Office of Waste Management) |
Document Type: Guidance document. |
Scope of Document: The document is designed
to provide guidance to ensure consistent and technically defensible
ecological risk assessments are conducted within TNRCCs corrective
action programs. It is intended to be site specific, and used in
conjunction with human health components. |
Assessment: Three tiered approach to
ecological risk assessment is proposed that is consistent with the human
health risk assessment process, to evaluate the potential risk to
ecological receptors at corrective action sites. The tiered approach
avoids quantitative assessment by utilising existing criteria. It
recognises that crops and livestock are potential ecological receptors
which should be protected. The three components include:
Tier I ecological assessment checklist
Tier II screening level ecological risk assessment (3 levels)
Level A screening assessment using established ecological
benchmarks
Level B screening assessment using toxicity reference values
Level C screening assessment reducing the hazard quotient
Tier III quantitative ecological risk assessment.
The quantitative risk assessment process section provides a
comprehensive methodology for conducting an ecological risk assessment.
Appendices include ecological assessment checklists for the entire
process, guidance on conducting literature searches and dose conversion
equations.
Recommendations: A key document for risk assessors, which is consistent
with the tiered approach to risk management and corrective action. |
Title: Guidance for Ecological Risk
Assessment At Hazardous Waste Sites and Permitted Facilities, Part A:
Overview. |
Author: California Environmental Protection
Agency, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Human and
Ecological Risk Division |
Date of Publication: July 1996 |
Publisher: California Environmental
Protection Agency |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: To provide a suggested
framework and conceptual model for the approach to, and organisation and
documentation of:
scientifically based estimation of the nature and extent of adverse
impacts on biota from present or future exposure to toxicants;
scientifically based estimation of concentrations of chemicals in air,
water, soil, sediment that do not adversely effect the biota; and
consideration and incorporation of findings and conclusions of the
assessment to remedial design and action.
Relates to environmental risk at hazardous waste sites and hazardous
waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities. |
Assessment: Outlines a staged process
starting with a scoping assessment which consists of chemical, physical
and biological site characterisation and identification of complete
exposure pathways. Then a Phase I III methodology is used to progress
through predictive ecological risk assessment, validation study and an
impact assessment. Flow charts for each step of the ecological risk
assessment process are provided.
It provides useful guidance, some of which can be applied in New
Zealand. |
Title: Risk-Based Corrective Action: Tier 1
Guidance Manual. |
Author: Johnson, P.C., DeVaull, G.E.,
Ettinger, R.A., MacDonald, R.L., Stanley, C.C., Westby, T.S., and Connor,
J. |
Date of Publication: July 1993 |
Publisher: Shell Oil Company, Houston, TX. |
Document Type: Guidance document
associated with RBCA model |
Title: Emergency Standard Guide for
Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites. |
Author: American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) |
Date of Publication: 1995 |
Publisher: American Society for Testing and
Materials, ASTME-1739, Philadelphia, PA. |
Document Type: Guidance document for
RBCA model |
Title: ORNL Guidance documents |
Author: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN. |
Date of Publication: Various |
Publisher: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN. |
Document Type: Reports
available on the ORNL Internet Website |
Title: Ecological Risk Assessment. |
Author: Suter, G.W.,II. |
Date of Publication: 1993. |
Publisher: Lewis Pub., Boca Raton, Florida. |
Document Type: Text. |
Title: Risk Characterization for Ecological
Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites. |
Author: Suter, G.W.,II. |
Date of Publication: 1996. |
Publisher: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN. 46 pp, ES/ER/TM-200 |
Document Type: Technical report
available here. |
Title: A Framework for Assessing Ecological
Risks of Petroleum-Derived Materials in Soil. |
Author: Suter, G.W.,II. |
Date of Publication: 1997 |
Publisher: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge TN. 55pp, ORNL/TM-13408 |
Document Type: Technical report
available here. |
Title: Risk Assessment Guidance for
Superfund, Volume II, Environmental Evaluation Manual, Interim Final. |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: 1989 |
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA/540/1-89/001, NTIS No. PB90-155599.). |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: |
Title: Environmental Protection Agency Home
Page |
Author: United States Environmental Protection Agency |
Publisher: United States Environmental Protection Agency |
Document Type: Internet Web Site |
Scope of Document: The EPA home page provides
information and on-line copies of EPA resources such as libraries,
hotlines, information locators, publications, environmental test methods
and guidance. It also highlights recent rules, regulations, and
legislation coming through the pipeline and links to the following two key
pages:
EPA Publications - www.epa.gov/nceiphom/
This page is produced by the National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information (NCEPI). The user can view and download
publications, search the national publications catalog, and order EPA
publications on-line.
Superfund Home Page - www.epa.gov/superfund
This page specifically showcases work being done in the Superfund
office of EPA and includes on-line copies of many types of remedial
documents such as fact sheets and guidance. Information on "hot"
topics is also provided to keep users abreast of the latest developments
in legislation, regulations, cleanup progress, and technologies. |
Assessment: Useful source of information
online, with numerous links to other RA and ERA-specific homepages. Best
suited to experienced site investigators, or those with specific
information requirements. |
Title: Department Of Energy Home Page |
Author: Department Of Energy |
Date of Publication: |
Publisher: Department Of Energy |
Document Type: Internet Web Site |
Scope of Document: The DOE home page provides
both an electronic exchange initiative, in which users can exchange
scientific and technical documents, and a resources database. The home
page can connect the user to applicable remedial selection sites such as
the following sites:
Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) Site. FUSRAP provides information on the
application of innovative technologies and the site provides on-line
access to the latest technical papers.
Clearinghouse for Training, Education, and Development wastenot.inel.gov/cted/
The DOE Learning System maintains this site that provides information
on the latest publications, guidance, and learning resources in remedy
selection at Federal facilities sites. |
Title: Annual Health Effects Assessment
Summary Tables (HEAST) |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: 1997 |
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. EPA 540/R-94/036. |
Document Type:Tables |
Scope of Document: HEAST users include
individuals from the EPA, other Federal agencies, States, and contractors
who are responsible for the identification, characterization, and
remediation of sites contaminated with hazardous materials. In this
document, slope factors are calculated by EPA to assist HEAST users with
risk-related evaluations and decision-making at various stages of the
remediation process. |
Title: Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS) for IBM PC Microcomputers and IBM PC/AT Microcomputers. |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: 1988 |
Publisher: . U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development. EPA DF/DK-88/050, PB88-215892;
EPA/DF/DK-88/049, PB88-215884. |
Document Type: Database |
Scope of Document: The Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS) is an on-line database of toxicity
information that is updated monthly. IRIS provides quantitative human
health carcinogenic/hazard data, Ambient Water Quality Criteria, and
Maximum Contaminant Levels. This database is EPAs preferred source of
toxicity data. Chemicals added to IRIS are reviewed in an Agency-wide
process and represent a consensus on the toxicological data for each
record.
Available from NTIS, or online |
Assessment: It is a comprehensive
toxicological database that is accessible and is appropriately quality
assured. Valuable data source for experienced site assessors. |
Title: Guidelines for Ecological Risk
Assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. |
Date of Publication: April 1998 |
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: Developed as part of an
interoffice guidelines development program by a technical panel of the
Risk Assessment Forum. These guidelines expand upon previous risk
assessment guidance, and are designed to help improve the quality of
ecological risk assessments at EPA, while increasing the consistency of
assessments among the Agencys offices and regions. |
Assessment: Comprehensive guidance document
for ecological risk assessment. Refines the format detailed in the
Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment (USEPA, 1992). Describes the
process from problem formulation, analysis through characterisation of
exposure and ecological risk, risk characterisation through risk
communication and risk management. Methods for characterisation of
ecological effects, risk characterisation and risk estimation are
comprehensively described. In the appendices detailed examples of building
conceptual models, undertaking the analysis phase and determination of
ecological adversity are provided.
Available for downloading here
Key guidance document for risk assessors, comprehensive methodology
description. |
Title: Understanding Risk: Informing
Decisions in a Democratic Society. |
Author: National Research Council, National
Academy of Sciences. Paul C. Stern and Harvey V. Fineberg, editors. |
Date of Publication: 1996 |
Publisher: National Research Council,
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press. |
Document Type: Book |
Scope of Document: The book addresses issues
associated with risk contamination. It provides guidelines and principles
for informative decision-making about the wide variety of risks to human
health and the quality of the environment. It includes risk
characterization, judgment in the risk decision process, deliberation,
analysis, integrating analysis and deliberation, and principles of risk
characterization.
It provides limited information on how an ERA could be undertaken, but
provides useful perspectives on risk management, particularly risk
communication. |
Title: Rules of Thumb for Superfund Remedy
Selection. |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: 1997. |
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA 540/R-97/013,
OSWER 9355.0-69, PB97-963301. Washington, DC. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: This guidance document
describes key principles and expectations, interspersed with "best
practices" based on program experience, that should be consulted
during the Superfund remedy selection process. These remedy selection
"Rules of Thumb" are organized into three major policy areas: 1)
risk assessment and risk management; 2) developing remedial alternatives;
and 3) ground water response actions. The purpose of this guide is to
briefly summarise key elements of various remedy selection guidance
documents and policies in one publication.
Available from: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/oerr/techres/rulesthm/abstract.htm |
Title: CERCLA Baseline Risk Assessment:
Reference Manual. |
Author: U.S. Department of Energy |
Date of Publication: 1995 |
Publisher: U.S. Department of Energy, Office
of Environmental Policy & Assistance, RCRA/CERCLA Division (EH-413).
Washington, D.C. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: This document is intended
to guide project personnel through the process of interpreting EPA
guidance on the CERCLA Baseline Risk Assessment and help project personnel
to discuss EPA guidance with regulators, decision makers, and stakeholders
as it relates to conditions at a particular Department of Energy
environmental restoration site. |
Assessment: Largely a summary of all existing
risk assessment guidance. However, only background information for ERA is
presented. The document contains a useful discussion on uncertainty and an
assessment of chemical mixtures.
Available from Center for Environmental Management Information:
http://tis-nt.eh.doe.gov/oepa/guidance/cercla/risk_all.pdf
|
Title: Standard Default Exposure Factors;
Supplemental Guidance to Human Health Evaluation Manual. |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: 1991 |
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. OSWER-9285.6-03.
Washington, DC. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: This guidance supplements
the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Human Health Evaluation Manual
(Part A, Volume I, 1989). It was developed to reduce unwarranted
variability in the exposure assumptions used to characterize potentially
exposed populations in the baseline risk assessment. The document includes
two attachments that cover activity specific inhalation rates and
estimating adult soil ingestion in the commercial/industrial setting. |
Assessment: Provide guidance for human health
exposure only and consequently is of little use for ERA. |
Title: Risk Assessment Guidance for
Superfund: Part A (Volumes I, II), B, C. |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: 1989-1991. |
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. PB90-155581, EPA
540/1-89/002. Human Health Evaluation Manual. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: The document highlights
the baseline risk assessment, both human health and environmental (Part
A), refinement of preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) (Part B), and the
evaluation of remedial alternatives (Part C). Document was designed to
assist managers, site engineers, risk assessors, and others to develop
PRGs that satisfy the "threshold criteria" of the NCP, to
protect human health and the environment, and to develop and use risk
information to evaluate remedial alternatives during the feasibility
study. Links between the human health evaluation, environmental
evaluation, and the RI/FS are highlighted.
Available at http://cioma40.cin.epa.gov:6003/
(National Environmental
Publications Information web site -Enter the title of the document, click
on the "Search for" button, and locate the document for viewing
and printing).
|
Title: Guidelines for Exposure Assessment
[FRL-4129-5] |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: 1992 |
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency |
Document Type: Guideline document |
Scope of Document: Guidelines intended for
risk assessors in EPA, and those exposure and risk assessment consultants,
contractors, or other persons who perform work under Agency contract or
sponsorship.
These Guidelines supersede and replace both the Guidelines for
Estimating Exposures published September 24, 1986 (51 FR 34042-34054,
"1986 Guidelines") and the Proposed Guidelines for
Exposure-Related Measurements (53 FR 48830-48853, "1988 Proposed
Guidelines").
Guidelines establish a broad framework for exposure assessments by
describing the general concepts of exposure assessment including
definitions and associated units, and by providing guidance on the
planning and conducting of an exposure assessment. Guidance is also
provided on presenting the results of the exposure assessment and
characterizing uncertainty. Although these Guidelines focus on exposures
of humans to chemical substances, much of the guidance contained herein
also pertains to assessing wildlife exposure to chemicals, or human
exposures to biological, noise, or radiological agents. |
Title: Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity
Risk Assessment |
Author: USEPA |
Date of Publication: September 1996 |
Publisher: Office of Research and
Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. |
Document Type: Report |
Title: Environmental Risk Assessment:
An Australian Perspective |
Author: Tom Beer and Frank Ziolkowski |
Date of Publication: November 1995. |
Publisher: Australian Environmental
Protection Agency |
Document Type: Paper |
Scope of Document: The first step toward
introducing a process of formalized risk assessment to Australian
environmental agencies. It illustrates the use of risk assessment with
five case studies and presents a generic framework within which
environmental risk assessment in Australia can be undertaken. |
Assessment: Good background for Australian
approach to risk assessment. |
Title: Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance
for Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk
Assessments (Interim Final). |
Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
Date of Publication: June 1997 |
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emergency
and Remedial Response. EPA 540/R-97/006, OSWER 9285.7-25, PB97-93211.
Washington, DC. |
Document Type: Guidance document |
Scope of Document: The document is designed
to facilitate defensible and appropriate scaled site specific ecological
risk assessments for the Superfund program. It is due for review to be
consistent with the final of the Risk Assessment Forum of the USs
document entitled Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment (USEPA, 1998). |
Assessment: Comprehensive guidance document
for regulatory authorities and risk assessors. Complete process
description and use of illustrative examples, extensive checklists for
ecological sampling and guidance on conducting literature reviews,
statistical uncertainty, biological sampling methods, and data analysis.
Recommendations: Key guidance document for risk assessors,
comprehensive methodology description. |
Title: Performing Ecological Risk Assessments |
Author: Edward J. Calabrese and Linda A.
Baldwin |
Date of Publication: 1994 |
Publisher: CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca
Raton, FL; ISBN: 0-87371-703-1. |
Document Type: Book. |
Scope of Document: Excellent guidance text
for performing ERAs. Worthwhile primer. |
Title: Introduction to Chemical Exposure and
Risk Assessment |
Author: Neely, W. Brock |
Date of Publication: 1994 |
Publisher: CRC Press Inc./Lewis Publishers,
Boca Raton, Florida; ISBN: 1-56670-094-9. |
Document Type: Book. |
Scope of Document: General entry level text
describing risk assessment, suitable as background reading or primer. |
Title: Handbook of Environmental Fate and
Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals Vol. V, Sovents 3 |
Author: Howard, Philip H. |
Date of Publication: 1997 |
Publisher: CRC Press Inc./Lewis Publishers,
Boca Raton, Florida; ISBN: 0-87371-976-X. |
Document Type: Book |
Scope of Document: Handbook of data for
organic compounds. |
Title: Illustrated Handbook of
Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals |
Author: D. Mackay, W. Shiu, and K. Ma |
Date of Publication: 1997 |
Publisher: CRC-Lewis, Boca Raton. |
Document Type: Book. |
Scope of Document: Provides data on physical
and chemical properties of organic compounds. |
Title: Handbook of Ecotoxicology |
Author: David J. Hoffman, Barnett A. Rattner,
G. Allen Burton, Jr., and John Cairns, Jr. (eds) |
Date of Publication: 1995 |
Publisher: CRC Press Inc./Lewis Publishers,
Boca Raton, Florida. ISBN: 0-87371-585-3. |
Document Type: Book |
Scope of Document: Comprehensive and detailed
text on toxicology |
Title: Presidential/Congressional Commission
on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. |
Author: |
Date of Publication: 1997 |
Document Type: Report |
Scope of Document: Final report of the
Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk
Management
Available in both HTML format and PDF format at www.Riskworld.com |
Assessment: Provides background for general
risk assessment guidance, focusing on human health.
|
Title: Guidance for Performing Ecological
Risk Assessments at Hazardous Waste Sites |
Author: De Sesso, J.M |
Date of Publication: 1995 |
Publisher: American Society for Testing and
Materials |
Document Type: Paper in 1995 Symposium on
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Proceedings |
Scope of Document: Proposes a relatively
straightforward method for assessing ecological risks at hazardous waste
sites. Involves a preliminary info gathering and problem formulation
phase.
Three "active" phases:
Risk screening to estimate risk to keystone ecological receptors
through an ecological toxicity quotient method.
Initial investigations: May include field or laboratory work to assess
the health of the community of exposed receptors. May include collection
and analysis of tissue samples; bioassays; bioavailability studies (or if
need be a biodiversity study).
Detailed investigations that determine the potential adverse effects |
Assessment: Good guidance paper for US based
procedures, but overall methodology provides thorough perspective on ERA. |
Title: Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment:
Third Volume - STP 1218. |
Author: Hughes, J.S; Biddington, G.R; Mones,
E (Editors) |
Publisher: American Society for Testing and
Materials |
Document Type: 1993 Symposium on
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Proceedings |
Scope of Document: Ecotoxicology: Prediction
and Assessment, Models in Ecological Risk Assessment, Methods Development,
Fate and Effects of Chemicals, Sediment toxicology. |
Assessment: Several papers relevant to
ecological risk assessment including Toxicology of heavy metals in
Ecological Risk Assessment; and Guidance for Performing Ecological Risk
Assessments at Hazardous Waste Sites. |
Title: Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment:
Fourth Volume - STP 1262. |
Author: La Point, T.W; Price, F.T; Little,
E.E (Editors) |
Date of Publication: May 1996 |
Publisher: American Society for Testing and
Materials |
Document Type: 1994 Symposium on
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Proceedings |
Scope of Document: Wetlands, Bioindicators,
Aquatic Toxicology |
Assessment: A good paper presented on
comparing Genetic HHR-based Soil Remediation Criteria in Canada and US
2 Case Studies: Kangas M.J; Scott, P.K; Finlay, B.C; Paustenbach, D.J
(p138) |
Title: Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment:
Biomarkers and Risk Assessment - Fifth Volume - STP 1306. |
Author: Bengtson, D.A; Henshel, D.S (Editors) |
Date of Publication: October 1996 |
Publisher: American Society for Testing and
Materials |
Document Type: 1995 Symposium on
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Proceedings |
Scope of Document: Biomarkers, Aquatic and
Sediment Toxicology, Behaviour and Risk Assessment |
Assessment: Biomarker papers very specific
and detailed.
Useful papers presented on PRECIS - A Probabilistic Risk Assessment
System. Good overview presented on Cr in Ecological Risk Assessment. |
Title: Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment Modelling and Risk Assessment Sixth Volume - STP 1317. |
Author: Dwyer, F,J; Doan, T.R; Tinman, M.L
(Editors) |
Date of Publication: April 1997 |
Publisher: American Society for Testing and
Materials |
Document Type: 1996 Symposium on
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Proceedings |
Scope of Document: Modelling Perspectives,
Ecological Risk Assessment, Human Health Risk Assessment, Biomarkers |
Assessment: Several useful papers in the
Ecological Risk Assessment modelling, Ecological Risk Assessment and Human
Health Risk Assessment areas. |
Title: Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment ASTM STP 1179. |
Author: Landis, W.G; Hughes, J.S; Lewis, M.A
(Editors) |
Date of Publication: February 1993 |
Publisher: American Society for Testing and
Materials |
Document Type: 1991 Symposium on
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Proceedings |
Scope of Document: Ecological Risk Assessment
under TSCA, Evaluating Impacts at the Population and Community levels,
Biomarkers,
Marine Toxicology and Test Methods, Methods Development |
Assessment: Papers presented in the above
subject areas with very species-specific papers. Emphasis on managing
ecological risks from Contaminated sediment. |
Title: Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment Second Volume. ASTM STP 1216. |
Author: Gorsuch, JW; Dwyer, F,J; Ingersoll,
C.G; La Point, T.W (Editors) |
Date of Publication: October 1993 |
Publisher: American Society for Testing and
Materials |
Document Type: 1992 Symposium on
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Proceedings |
Scope of Document: Aquatic Toxicology and Use
of Experimental Ecosystems, Biomarkers, Effluent Toxicology and Simulated
Treatment, Environmental Neurotoxicology, SAR/SQAR in the Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment, Sediment Toxicology
assessment |
Assessment: Papers presented in the above
subject areas. Very species-specific papers. Standard methods for Aquatic
ecology. Good paper on Ecological Risk Assessment of marine antifoliant.
Sediment toxicology for PCBs |
|