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Copper
|
Species |
Test concentration mg/kga |
Test Duration |
Test |
End point |
NOEC |
LOEC |
EC50 or LC50 |
|
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
|
Cu (II)
{0,600,1200,
1800,2400}
|
2 weeks
|
Seed germination & viability
|
increased time to emergence |
2400 |
>2400 |
Not applicable |
|
decreased germination |
2400 |
>2400 |
** |
|
decreased viabilityb |
1800 |
2400 |
** |
|
Cu (II)
{0,62.5,125,250,
500,1000, 2000}
|
2
weeks |
Seedling growthc |
decreased root weight
|
500
|
1000
|
EC50 = 750
[560, 1010] |
|
decreased shoot weight |
250 |
500 |
EC50 = 500
[390, 630]
|
|
seedling mortality |
2400 |
>2400 |
** |
|
Cu (II)
{0,600,1200,
1800,2400}
|
2 weeks |
Seedling growthc
|
|
Millet
Panicum milliaceum
|
Cu (II)
{0,600,1200,
1800, 2400}
|
2 weeks
|
Seed germination & viability
|
increased time to emergence |
>2400 |
>2400 |
Not applicable |
|
decreased germination |
1800 |
2400 |
** |
|
decreased viabilityb |
1800 |
2400 |
** |
|
Seedling growthc
|
decreased root weight |
600 |
1200 |
EC50=1800
[970, 3630] |
|
decreased root length |
<600 |
600 |
EC50=310
[190, 500] |
|
decreased shoot weight |
600 |
1200 |
EC50=1320
[1030, 1690] |
| seedling
mortality |
2400 |
>
2400 |
** |
|
Kakabeak
Clianthus puniceus
|
Cu
(II) {0, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400} |
4 weeks |
Seed
germination & viability |
increased time to emergence |
1200 |
1800 |
** |
|
decreased germination |
1800 |
2400 |
** |
|
decreased viabilityb |
1800 |
2400 |
** |
| Seedling
growthc |
decreased root weight |
1200 |
1800 |
EC50=1380
[1010, 1890] |
|
decreased root length |
< 600 |
600 |
EC50=640
[570, 730] |
|
decreased shoot weight |
600 |
1200 |
EC50=1180
[900, 1590] |
| seedling
mortality |
2400 |
>
2400 |
** |
a nominal test
concentrations in mg/kg are given in {}.
b Seed viability is a measure which includes % germination as
well the survivability of germinated seedlings (seed viability = %
germinated x % seedling survival).
c Seedling growth is measured at the end of test duration i.e.
2 or 4 weeks after seeds were sown.
NOEC and LOEC were calculated using one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA), and post hoc Dunnett’s test at a significance level of
p < 0.05. To fit assumption of normality for an ANOVA, percentage
data was arcsin transformed, square root or natural log transformations
were applied to other data where appropriate, prior to analysis.
LC50 values were derived from probit analysis, 95%
confidence intervals are given in [ ].
EC50 values and their 95% confidence
intervals were estimated by fitting logistical models to the data using
non-linear regression. Where necessary, weighted regression was
performed to allow for heteroscedasticity in the data.
** EC50 not derived where toxicity curve was incomplete or
did not follow a dose-response relationship.
Chromium
|
Species |
Test concentration
mg/kga |
Test Duration |
Test |
End point |
NOEC |
LOEC |
EC50 or LC50 |
|
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
|
Cr (VI)
{0, 20, 40, 60, 80}
|
2 weeks
|
Seed germination & viability
|
increased time to emergence |
20 |
40 |
Not
applicable |
|
decreased germination |
20 |
40 |
** |
|
decreased viabilityb |
20 |
40 |
LC50 = 45
[30, 60] |
|
Seedling growthc
|
decreased root weight |
<20 |
20 |
EC50 = 19
[15, 24] |
|
decreased root length |
20 |
40 |
EC50 = 28
[24, 33] |
|
decreased shoot weight |
<20 |
20 |
EC50 = 17
[12, 24] |
|
seedling mortality |
60 |
80 |
LC50 = 50
[37, 68] |
|
Millet
Panicum milliaceum
|
Cr (VI)
{0, 20, 40, 60, 80}
|
2 weeks
|
Seed germination & viability
|
increased time to emergence |
80 |
>80 |
Not
applicable |
|
decreased germination |
80 |
>80 |
** |
|
decreased viabilityb |
80 |
>80 |
** |
|
Seedling growthc
|
decreased root weight |
80 |
>80 |
** |
|
decreased root length |
40 |
60 |
EC50 = 69
[59, 81] |
|
decreased shoot weight |
40 |
60 |
EC50 = 60
[47, 77] |
|
seedling mortality |
80 |
>80 |
** |
|
Kakabeak
Clianthus puniceus
|
Cr (VI)
{0, 20, 40, 60, 80}
|
4 weeks
|
Seed germination & viability
|
increased time to emergence |
<20 |
20 |
Not
applicable |
|
decreased germination |
60 |
80 |
** |
|
decreased viabilityb |
80 |
>80 |
** |
|
Seedling growthc
|
decreased root weight |
<20
|
20 |
EC50 = 44
[31, 63] |
|
decreased root length |
20 |
40 |
EC50 = 65
[63, 68] |
|
decreased shoot weight |
20 |
40 |
EC50 = 48
[39, 58] |
|
seedling mortality |
80 |
>80 |
** |
a nominal test concentrations in mg/kg are given in {}.
b Seed viability is a measure which includes % germination as
well the survivability of germinated seedlings (seed viability = %
germinated x
% seedling survival).
c Seedling growth is measured at the end of test duration i.e.
2 or 4 weeks after seeds were sown.
NOEC and LOEC were calculated using one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA), and post hoc Dunnett’s test at a significance level of
p < 0.05. To fit assumption of normality for an ANOVA, percentage
data was arcsin transformed, square root or natural log transformations
were applied to other data where appropriate, prior to analysis.
LC50 values were derived from probit analysis, 95%
confidence intervals are given in [ ].
EC50 values and their 95% confidence
intervals were estimated by fitting logistical models to the data using
non-linear regression. Where necessary, weighted regression was
performed to allow for heteroscedasticity in the data.
** EC50 not derived where toxicity curve was incomplete or
did not follow a dose-response relationship.
Arsenic
|
Species |
Test concentration mg/kga |
Test Duration |
Test |
End point |
NOEC |
LOEC |
EC50 or LC50 |
|
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
|
As (V)
{0,100,200, 275,350,400}
|
2
weeks |
Seed germination & viability
|
increased time to emergence |
275 |
350 |
Not applicable |
|
decreased germination |
400 |
>400 |
** |
|
decreased viabilityb |
275 |
350 |
LC50 =
310
[260, 390] |
|
As (V)
{0,25,50,100,200}
|
2
weeks |
Seedling growthc
|
decreased root weight |
50
|
100 |
EC50 = 65
[51, 83] |
|
decreased root length |
50
|
100 |
EC50 = 110
[98, 124] |
|
decreased shoot weight |
25
|
50 |
EC50 = 60
[39, 92] |
|
As (V)
{0,100,200, 275,350,400}
|
|
|
seedling mortality |
275 |
350 |
LC50 = 340
[320, 360] |
|
Millet
Panicum milliaceum
|
As (V)
{0,100,200, 275,350,400}
|
2 weeks
|
Seed germination & viability
|
increased time to emergence |
100 |
200 |
Not applicable |
|
decreased germination |
400 |
>400 |
** |
|
decreased viabilityb |
400 |
>400 |
** |
|
Seedling growthc
|
decreased root weight |
<100
|
100 |
** |
|
decreased root length |
<100
|
100 |
EC50 = 65
[45, 93] |
|
decreased shoot weight |
<100
|
100 |
EC50 = 29
[13, 61] |
|
seedling mortality |
350 |
400 |
** |
|
Kakabeak
Clianthus puniceus
|
As (V)
{0,100,200, 275,350,400}
|
4 weeks
|
Seed germination & viability
|
increased time to emergence |
|
|
|
|
decreased germination |
|
|
|
|
decreased viabilityb |
|
|
|
|
Seedling growthc
|
decreased root weight |
|
|
|
|
decreased root length |
|
|
|
|
decreased shoot weight
|
|
|
|
|
seedling mortality |
|
|
|
a nominal test
concentrations in mg/kg are given in {}.
b Seed viability is a measure which includes % germination as
well the survivability of germinated seedlings (seed viability = %
germinated x
% seedling survival).
c Seedling growth is measured at the end of test duration i.e.
2 or 4 weeks after seeds were sown.
NOEC and LOEC were calculated using one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA), and post hoc Dunnett’s test at a significance level of
p < 0.05. To fit assumption of normality for an ANOVA, percentage
data was arcsin transformed, square root or natural log transformations
were applied to other data where appropriate, prior to analysis.
LC50 values were derived from probit analysis, 95%
confidence intervals are given in [ ].
EC50 values and their 95% confidence
intervals were estimated by fitting logistical models to the data using
non-linear regression. Where necessary, weighted regression was
performed to allow for heteroscedasticity in the data.
** EC50 not derived where toxicity curve was incomplete or
did not follow a dose-response relationship.
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